Air Pollution

                                                          Air Pollution

                                               BAD AIR CRISIS

                                                 "LET ME BREATH".

Air pollution is one of the leading causes of asthma and other respiratory disorders, especially in children. The atmosphere of Indian cities these days id teeming with the toxic elements such as carbon monoxide,  nitrogen oxide, airborn diesel, and petrol based fumes benzene, trichloroethylene and others.

While we have little control over the atmosphere, we can use several techniques to manage our health especially during diwali, a period of heighten pollution.

Our lungs have built in pollution filters called cilia, which are small hair like  structures  that put toxins away so that the lungs can take in oxygen. However, cilia can deal only with dust and pollen, where as the  air in cities is also heavy  with vehicle fumes, smoke and chemical toxins. This mix overwhelms the cilia and as a result our bodies are at a risk of  harbouring carcinogens that create cell malfunctions. Fortunately some easily available and used foods, herbs and oil can  keep your lungs clean.

The world Air  Quality Report (2022) found that  Delhi was the world's most polluted capital for the fourth consecutive year. This is shameful, but worse is the government's failure to device a wholesome solution to tackle the issue, letting millions of Delhi's citizens breath in poisonous air.

If 25,000 died due to COVID-19 in the last 18 months, and Delhi recorded 54,000 deaths because of pollution only in 2020. India contributes nearly a third of worldwide premature deaths due to poor air quality. Rs 1 lakh crore what Delhi losses every year to air pollution. Choked 20% hike in number of patients with respiratory and  heart ailments. Delhi NCR plunges into an air emergency every year during winters when fumes from the stubble burning in neighbouring states, vehicular pollution, construction and demolition activities and road dust combine with meteorological factors those make dispersion of pollutants difficult and throw a noxious blanket of smog over the region. 

                                              BEAT THE AIR POLLUTION

                                                         

Poor air to respiratory as well as other quality can significantly impact our health and makes us more susceptible to respiratory as well as  other illnesses. As various part of the country reports a dip in air quality.

Why India’s Air Is So Polluted ? Industrial pollutants account for nearly 51%  of the air pollution in India, followed by crop burning (13%), driving (27%), using fireworks (5%), thermal power plants, construction dust, waste burning, and the use of cheap and unclean fuels like wood and cow dung for cooking by millions of low-income households.

Air pollution is made up of different types of chemicals and gasses, it occurs in our atmosphere. The rising number of air pollutants has made breathing fresh, clean air next to impossible. The causes of air pollution have left everyone worried about their health. As pollutants in the air cannot be seen with our naked eyes, we don’t realize the sources of the increasing pollution level.

With the onset of October, the air quality in the city has once again started to degrade. Sadly it has become a norm now, to guard oneself against possible respiratory problems as soon as one enters the Autumn season / fall. Smog laden skies have become a common sight in the capital once again. City based doctors especially Ear Nose & Throat (ENT) specialist and Pulmonologist, Cardiologist have started receiving complaints about stuffy and blocked noses. Allergies are flaring up and people are also complaining about snoring issues.  

 

Indian schoolchildren cover their faces as they walk to school amid heavy smog in New Delhi.

“Protect your lungs

Air quality Index (AQI) is an index of reporting  daily health quality. 

Good- 0-50

Satisfactory 51-100

Moderate 101- 200

Poor 201-300

Very poor 301-400

Severe 401-500

Public health emergency above 500 

The category of 100-200 (moderately polluted) is also considered unhealthy for sensitive groups such as people with lung diseases and discomforting to people with heart disease. Children and older adults. Children are particularly vulnerable as their organs are developing and they inhale more dust playing close to the ground. This could result in life long compromises health. 

Workers who cop endlessly with dust such as construction workers, municipal safai karmacharis and landfill managers also sensitive groups. While it is hardly a headline news, 100-200 AQI is a hidden health crisis. 

"(Pollution Chokes kills you silently)According to Global Carbon Atlas, the world's top polluters ate China, India, and U S. Which

Ranked: Global CO₂ Emissions by Country These countries are also the biggest in terms of population. Rank Country Region Total Emissions (%) #1 🇨🇳 China Asia 30.9% #2 🇺🇸 U.S. North America 13.5% #3 🇮🇳 India Asia 7.3% #4 🇷🇺 Russia Europe 4.7% #5 🇯🇵 Japan Asia 2.9% #6 🇮🇷 Iran Asia 2.0% #7 🇩🇪 Germany Europe 1.8% #8 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia Other 1.8% #9 🇮🇩 Indonesia Asia 1.7% #10 🇰🇷 South Korea Asia 1.7% #11 🇨🇦 Canada North America 1.5% #12 🇧🇷 Brazil South America 1.3% #13 🇹🇷 Türkiye Europe 1.2% #14 🇿🇦 South Africa Africa 1.2% #15 🇲🇽 Mexico North America 1.1% #16 🇦🇺 Australia Oceania 1.1% #17 🇬🇧 UK Europe 0.9% #18 🇮🇹 Italy Europe 0.9% #19 🇵🇱 Poland Europe 0.9% n/a 🌐 Rest of World Other 21.7%

Updated on 10th November 2022 Friday

DELHI'S MOST POLLUTED DAY OF THE YEAR 2022.

AQI Reading in 

Delhi            260  POOR         (Max 459 in Dec 2021)  

As temperature begins to drop at  the start of winter, the ground surface cools and traps pollutants, which are heavy, closer to the ground, with the warmer air on the top  acting as a lid. As (COOL) 15 degree C minimum temperature on Tuesday means dense air can carry more pollutants. But in absence of ground winds, these pollutants fail to disperse, covering the city  in a yellow toxic haze.

Calm local winds in Delhi keep pollutants trapped.

In weather science parlance, this means that  the "mixing heights"-  an invisible layer within which particulate matter gets trapped- is lowered. And the lower it is , the worse the air quality will be. Inversion is a major reason Delhi is  as polluted as it is in November and December. The mixing hieght is an invisible layer and the closer it is towards the surface, the less rom there is for  pollutants to move. In winters, inversion takes place, which is the low temperature bringing down the  mixing height and reducing wind speed. Calm winds negated the  gains of an early Diwali and late monsoon rains. Cool winds from the north west travel to Delhi  during the winter, and lower the temperature further.

The minimum  or night temperature in Delhi has been below normal from oct 23 2022 largely hovering between 14 degree C and 15 degree C. The normal minimum temperature for this time of the year is between 16 degree C and 17 degree C. This is why pollution seems much heavier at night than on sunny days, Clear sky in the day time helps. This because the surface of the earth heats up fairly quickly during the day, but they need to be coupled with strong winds to effectively disperse the particulate matter trapped over night.  

At present, emissions are high and the wind speed, which picks up slightly during the day is only is able to disperse only a fraction of  the load, before winds turn calm in the evening. This means that Delhi's air is caught in a vicious loop of pollution, which is likely to stay this way till weather conditions alter dramatically. For this cycle to break, either emissions have to fall, or winds gather significant pace. A strong weather system can change this stalemate. Stronger winds blowing in from a different direction for longer periods can remove pollutants from farm fires completely.

Currently, the transport wind  (wind that blows over a region )are strong and blowing from the northwest, bringing high levels of stubble smoke into Delhi However calm local winds are trapping this pollutants, and not allowing them to disperse or carried down.. As stubble burning incidents reported in Punjab alone. And  widespread violations of ban on private constructions, and permitted government construction, means that local dust creation has continued. What is required now is strong wind at  the ground level to disperse pollutants,

                                                CAQM holds off on  GRAP STAGE - 4

LIST OF MOST POLLUTED CITY IN INDIA

As per CPCB

AQI

Motihari 413

Purnia 378

Bettiah 377

Siwan 372

Araria 340

Katihar 337

Saharsa 322

Samastipur 317

Darbhanga 316

Buxar 313

Hisar 311

Fatehabad 306

Delhi 303

Singrauli 302

Only Motihari is in severe category.

  

                                Category SEVERE ZONE For the first time in this season

                        "Delhi Battles Air Emergency."

                   CPCB'S Sameer app to monitor air pollution

                                        

Delhi records its second "good" air day of the  year  on 9th October 2022 with over cast skies, intermittent rain and breezy conditions lowering the AQI  reading to 47 as per the central pollution control board (CPCB)'s daily 4 PM national bulletin. Delhi recorded its first "good" air day this year on September 16 2022 when similar over cast skies, light rain and gusty winds caused Delhi's air quality to be recorded  at 47. Delhi has 38 Air Stations.

 

Good air days when AQI reading is 50 or less  are a rare occurrence for the capital with only 12 such days  recorded since early 2015  when the AQI was first launched. Last year  only recorded one such day  due to  unexpected rain on October 18 2021.While in 2020- when most of the year witnessed pandemic  induced lockdowns, the capital could only manage five such days.

                                                   

According to weather data  a majority of these "good" air days usually occur  during the monsoon months and almost always occur  when strong winds blow in the region and help settle pollutants. In 2015 when AQI was launched  Delhi recorded no "good" air days. The capital fair  no better in 2016. It was only in 2017 that Delhi saw its first "good" air day since the launch of an index during the monsoon on July 30 and 31 when the AQI reading dropped to 43 and 47.

In 2018, not a single day made the cut, but 2019 saw Delhi's cleanest air spell during the monsoon when the CPCB  bulletin recorded an AQI reading of 49 on August 18 and 19. In 2020 four of the five "good" air days occurred in August during the monsoon with only one non monsoon day, March 28 recording "good air"- a result  of the pandemic induced  national lockdown. On Aug 13 and 20, 2020 Delhi recorded an  AQI reading of 50 each, which fell to 45 on August 24. On August 31, Delhi recorded its lowest-ever AQI reading 41. Strong winds and rains are the main factors. Pollutants from almost  all sources need to be brought down to the bare minimum and that will take time.

THE SALE, MANUFECTURING AND STORAGE OF FIRECRACKERS GREEN OR OTHERWISE ARE COMPLETELY BAN IN NEW DELHI TIL  JANUARY 2023 BY THE GOVERNMENT.

Introduction

Chemical Composition of Air

Air is a mixture of gases which makes up the Earth’s atmosphere. These gases are colorless and odorless and hence, we can’t see them but only feel them. The atmosphere is an ocean of these gases. It consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1 % other gases and water vapor. 

Pollutant can be divided into two parts : Particulate matter and toxic gasses. While particulate matter with a diameter greater than 5ug/m3 does not reach our lungs. Those smaller than 2.5ug/m3 penetrate deep into the air sacks and trigger an inflammatory cascade. The inflammatory cascade makes lungs more susceptible to catching infections from outside. In itself also. It causes damage to the lungs. In someone who already has asthma or COPD  where the lung function is already comprimized, the inflammatory cascade that is triggered worsens their conditions.

Over the few days around few patients come daily with respiratory distress triggered by poor air quality. People need oxygen support and ventilators. Patient with interstitial lung disease(ILD) are getting severely affected by worsen air quality. A majority of patients who have poor compliance with their regular medication are getting severe attacks of cough and breathlessness

        "N 95 Mask when fitted properly are likely to reduce exposure to pollutants."

* VOC-Volatile organic compound

Air pollution as we all know is on rise in many cities in India right now. It affects the lungs and can cause inflammation leading to Sore throat, running nose, tightness of chest, breathing difficulties, wheezing, intractable cough, shortness of breath and poor energy levels without any fever or other evidence of infection allergy, asthma, chronic bronchitis, Pneumonia, viral infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and many other breathing related problems. In India, 50% of all (COPD) is caused by Ambient and household pollution. It also increases risk of cardiovascular disease like heart attack and stroke. It also trigger cardiac, neurological and gastric problems. Exposure to high pollution levels worsens existing respiratory illnesses. It also causes gastric distress. It lowers the work output and concentration levels.

Pollution levels are made worse by cooler temperatures and calm winds that do not allow the pollutants to disperse. 

"People with comorbidities must avoid outdoor activities when the AQI crosses 200 mark and healthy people must avoid outdoor exposure when the AQI crosses 300."

These patients do not improve with antibiotics and cough syrups and often have to be given corticosteroids, inhalers and at times nebulization's. Although air pollution primarily affects lungs, it can lead to heart attacks and strokes, paralysis and cancer. Air quality in Delhi start declining at the onset of winter with a toxic mix of pollutant from stubble fires in Punjab and Haryana, emissions from fire crackers and other local pollutants. Cooling temperatures and calm winds in the coming weeks are expected to worsen the ambient of pollution. Currently the days are still warm and sunny so the impact of pollution is not so much. As winter intensifies more such patients will increase,

The season becomes a busy time in hospitals with a condition of patients especially vulnerable section like  children, senior citizens and those with a history of  prior lung related ailments getting worse. There has been rise in the number of new patients with acute asthma, bronchitis, rhinitis (nasal allergy) and similar illness. The number of young patients coming with flare up

Lifestyle

Clear the air and your lungs : Solutions to beat air pollution

• Boil half a teaspoon of turmeric in water take this with half a teaspoon of honey in the morning.
• To clear the air of pollutants, burn a small amount of camphor in a camphor pot, which is easily available.
• Ayurveda recommends a pippali (long  pepper) decoction. Add a pinch of pippali and a pinch of turmeric to crushed ginger and boil well. Take this decoction with half a teaspoon of honey every day.
• To unblock your nose, take a dose of steam with eucalyptus, an essential oil.

                                           

• For blocked sinuses and nostrils use ether (Anu thailam) (classic ayurvedic oil for the nostrils) or organic cow's ghee. Which ever you use put two drops in each nostril at night.

Anu Tailam

Causes

Outdoor air pollution

The burning of fossil fuels

Most of the air pollution takes place due to the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gasoline to produce energy for electricity or transportation. The release of carbon monoxide at a high level indicates how much fossil fuel is burned. This also emits other toxic pollutants into the air. Inhaling air induced with pollutants due to the burning of natural gas and fossil fuel reduce the heart's ability to pump enough oxygen causing one to suffer from respiratory illness.

Transportation - High vehicular emission

Movements of trucks : There is no denying that vehicle pollution is the major contributor to air pollution, especially in urban cities. When the car burns gasoline, it emits pollutants in the air which is as harmful as smoking 10 cigarettes a day. Your vehicle emits carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter. When vehicle pollution is high in the atmosphere, it creates a hole in the ozone layer contributing to smog and causing various health issues.

Industrial emissions

Running of an industrial area : Industrial activities emit several pollutants in the air that affects the air quality more than we can even imagine. Particulate matter 2.5 and 10, Nitrogen dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide are key pollutants that are emitted  from industries that use coal and wood as their primary energy source for the production of their goods. Industrial pollution effects associated with your health can range from irritation in your eyes and throat to breathing issues, which at times can even lead to chronic illness.

Open burning of garbage waste              

Even though open burning of garbage is illegal, cases of burning continue to be reported in the city. 

Several diseases, including asthma, heart attacks and emphysema, have been linked to improper waste management.

Open burning of garbage is much more harmful to your health and the environment than one may think. As per Engage EPW, Delhi Air Pollution is choking public health. Delhi generates a whopping 9500 tons of waste every day, which makes it India’s second waste dumping city. Exposure to open burning of garbage waste can pose serious health risks including cancer, liver issues, impairment of the immune system, and reproductive functions can also affect the developing nervous system.

Burning Leaf Litters

The most common forms of burning garbage is the burning of leaf litter. “Since those handling waste believe that burning leaf litter is harmless, this tends to be commonly burnt in the fall season. However, burning leaf litter is equally toxic and causes air pollution,”.

Greenhouse gas emissions

Satpura Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant

Climate change in India is having profound effects on India, which is ranked fourth among the list of countries most affected by climate change in 2015. India emits about 3 gigatons (Gt) Co2eq of greenhouse gasses  each year; about two and a half  tons per person, which is less than the world average. The country emits 7% of global emissions, despite having 17% of the world population. Temperature rises on the Tibetian Plateau  are causing Himalayan Glaciers to retreat, threatening the flow rate of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yamuna and other major rivers. A 2007 World Wide Fund For Nature  (WWF) report states that the Indus River may run dry for the same reason. Heat waves' frequency and intensity are increasing in India because of climate change. Severe landslides and floods are projected to become increasingly common in such states as Assam 

Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F) between 1901 and 2018.
According to some current projections, the number and severity of droughts in India will have markedly increased by the end of the present century.

Burning wood in winter to warm up

Burning of tires also contributes for pollution.

Construction and demolition

During the clean air act movement, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) registered the highest number of air pollution complaints in the Delhi NCR due to construction pollution and demolition activities. With the rise of population in the city, construction and demolition is a part of the ever-going development phase of the national capital. Several construction sites and raw materials such as bricks and concrete cause haze and foul air which is hazardous for people especially, children and elderly citizens.

Stone crusher Plant nearby will cause air pollution

A total of 210 stone crushers were found violating siting criteria across Haryana, while 45 units were found to be non-complying with respect to air pollution control measures (APCMs), Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB) has informed the National Green Tribunal (NGT).

In its order dated October 31, 2018, the NGT had asked Haryana to enforce norms for the location of the stone-crushers. The siting criteria is related to norms of location of stone-crushers near forests, national highways, educational institutions, district roads, water bodies and village population

Agricultural activities

Agricultural activities have had a serious impact on the decreasing air quality. To begin with, pesticides and fertilizers are the main sources that contaminate the surrounding air. Nowadays, pesticides and fertilizers are mixed with new invasive species which are not found in nature, for quick growth of the crops and vegetation. Once they are sprayed over, the smell and the effect of the pesticides are left in the air. Some mix with water and some seeps into the ground which not only destroys the crops but also causes numerous health-related issues.

Congress Grass/ Gajar Ghas

Congress Grass

Congress Grass / Gajar Ghas (Poisonous Weed)

However, it is not native to India, and yet it is everywhere in India, that is the curious part. This toxic invasive species named Parthenium hysterophorus. the dangerous weed spread in India. It is alleged that when the weed was first spotted, the government didn’t take any step to stop its spread. The poisonous and invasive parthenium, commonly known as ‘congress grass’ or ‘gajar ghas’ is known to have created nuisance in many parts of the world. The weed, which is known to cause skin and respiratory diseases owing to its poisonous property, has already created havoc in many Indian states, including Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.

The congress grass grows extremely fast along the roads in many villages and kills many other flora species on its way. The weed has managed to thrive even at places where other species of weeds have not survived and cattle, too, stay away from them. According to experts, the weed needs to be removed manually with hands before it escalates and reaches the next phase. The species is harmful to humans as well as animals.

If left unchecked the grass could spread uncontrollably within a short span of time. The plant grows about 5-6 feet in height and can produce as many as 5,000-10,000 seeds. The seeds, which are lightweight can spread far and wide with help of wind, rain and human and cattle movement, leading to uninterrupted growth.

Saptaparni Tree / Alstonia scholaris

Alstonia scholaris/Black board tree/ Milkwood/Devil tree or /सप्तपर्णी/ शैतान का पेड़ 

Why is Saptaparni tree harmful to humans ?

The pollens from  'Alstonia Scholaris' causes asthma, sinusitis, eye related issues and skin allergies also. It is also termed as one of the polluting trees of Delhi. Therefore avoid planting Saptaparni trees.

Sekaash (Saccharum spontaneous)  (wild sugarcane, Kans grass)

Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane, Kans grass) is a grass native to the Indian Subcontinent. It is a perennial grass, growing up to three meters in height with spreading rhizomatous roots . Elsewhere, its ability to quickly colonize disturbed soil has allowed it to become an invasive species that takes over croplands and pasturelands

The pollens from  ''Sekaash (Saccharum spontaneous" causes asthma, sinusitis, eye related issues and skin allergies also. It is also termed as one of the polluting grass. 

Rice cultivation

Global rice production is releasing damaging green house gasses into the atmosphere. Doing as much harm as 1,200 average sized coal power stations. Rice is responsible for 10% of global methane emissions, and in Southeast Asia, one the world's major rice bowls, rice cultivation accounts for as much as 25-33% of the region's methane emissions.

Stubble burning, a festering problem

Skies turn sepia as farm fires multiply....

In north India's food bowl states, farmers set aflame paddy stalk around October to clear their fields for their next crop. This releases millions of tones of smoke, carbon dia-oxide stored in plant biomass, toxins and planet warming gasses in the atmosphere. (Also the falling water table in Punjab & Haryana as the rate of ground water extracted far exceeded that of replenishment). Some environmentalists reckon this to be the deadliest spell of pollution in all South Asia. The air becomes unbreathable, as dense smoke from a  trough barricaded by Himalayas running from North to East, enveloping Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh parts of Bihar- but specially the national capital. Delhi recorded AQI 459 in  November. Setting paddy stalk on fire became the quickest and cheap way to clear fields resulting in an  intractable pollution crises. 

The paddy fields of two neighbouring states of Delhi, -  Punjab & Haryana- are on fire with farmers, especially in Punjab intensifying the burning of stubble (Parari) as a cheap way to get rid of the otherwise useless straw, ahead of the wheat sowing season. Stubble burning is a yearly hazard because the state and central governments have failed to popularize crop residue management machines, work out a cash incentives, explore method to accelerate the enzyme treatment procedure to decompose stubble quickly, and implement a long-term plan to wean farmers away from a paddy-wheat cycle. There is also been no real effort to crack down on farmers - which is surprising because Delhi, the region most affected by  the burning, and Punjab, the state responsible for the  most fires. are both ruled by the Aam Aadmi Party. 

The pollution gets  even worse in October and November. Following the harvest, it is also a major contribution to wildfire. It causes increased particulate mater  PM 2.5 in the air which collides with other harmful substances like chemical gas and pollen creating smog. Smog makes the air hazy and people find it difficult to breathe. Crop burning is estimated to be responsible for up to 42%  of the particulate matter in the air of Delhi. This is ecologically disastrous.

Though the annual pollution crises over north India has its roots in the water conservation law also passed by Haryana in 2010. Advanced mechanized farming also has to a  big role to play. Another rational behind the burning of the stubble is the shortage of time between the harvest and  the sowing of next crop. The farmers do not have sufficient time to appropriately manage the crop stubble especially after rice harvest.

Temperature Inversion :

 Fuel to fire : the weather factor

It doesn't  help that  the farm fires in  Punjab  coincide with the onset of winter in the winter plains- colder nights (and days) still winds and a change in wind direction (it starts blowing from the  north and northwest, depositing smoke from the fires in Punjab all across Haryana, Delhi and NCR.

A natural weather pattern, marked by slowing, wind speed. ensures the smog stay still for days- a meteorological condition known as inversion, in which  a layer of warm air sits on the top of cooler air trapping it. Its called inversion because cool air tends to exist above warm air. The warm air tends to lock in the smog. Most northern cities especially national capital experience a pollution crises lasting weeks.

Fire at the Bhalswa's Dumping landfill sites

It exuberate air pollution crises in Delhi NCR. Delhi has three landfill sites — Ghazipur, Bhalswa and Okhla — which have turned into huge garbage mountains.  These dumping sites have repeatedly proven to be a safety hazard for residents, most recently, when North Delhi’s Bhalswa landfill caught fire on October 20. 2020 It took four days for the blaze to be brought under control, but on October 29 2020, smoke was still emanating from the dumping ground,

Diesel generator sets

Delhi pollution body bans use of diesel generator sets.

Manual Sweeping kicks up dust - Road dust choke

Microbial decaying processes

Manufacturing, chemical, and textiles industries release a large number of carbon monoxides, hydrocarbons, chemicals, and organic compounds which contaminate our environment. Bacteria and fungi play a fundamental role in the biogeochemical cycles in nature. They are the key indicators of abnormal environmental conditions. Decaying of these microorganisms present in the surroundings releases methane gas which is highly toxic. Breathing toxic gas like methane may lead to death. 

Dust storm pollution

Road side dust can cause pollution.

Burning of fire crackers                                        

Fire crackers emit emit toxins 200 to 2000 times above sage limits

Burning fire crackers are more harmful. This is because the chemicals used in crackers release harmful heavy metals into the air and atmosphere. Increased particulate matter from burning fireworks mainly comprises fine and ultrafine spherical particles. Elevated levels of trace metals, ions and various forms of carbon are present in the particulate matter. Unique physical and chemical properties of ambient particulate matter during short term fireworks burning can leads to substantial health damage. 

Forest Fire (Natural Disasters)  /  Or Wild Fire In Jungles

The forest fire in Uttarakhand

New York city is affected by air pollution due to wildfire in jungles in Canada. (June 2023). Forest fires can be considered as a natural disaster if it is caused due to natural reasons such as lightning and volcanic eruptions. These phenomena can not be controlled by humans.

Forest fires are caused by natural or man-made fires in tropical, temperate and boreal forests. A wildfire must have three conditions in order to burn: fuel, oxygen and a heat source. Any flammable item surrounding a fire, such as trees, grasses, bushes and even dwellings, is considered fuel. The intensity of a fire is proportional to the amount of fuel present in a certain region. A fire requires oxygen to burn, which is provided by air. Heat sources aid in the ignition of the wildfire by raising the temperature of the fuel. Lightning, smoldering campfires or cigarettes, sweltering breezes and even the Sun can all ignite a wildfire.

Types :

• A ground fire is a form of wildfire that starts beneath the ground, when fuels like debris ignite and burn. Ground fires may eventually burn through the ground surface and become surface flames, depending on the conditions of the fire. These fires spread more slowly than surface fires and can burn for months at a time.
• A surface fire is a fire that can range in intensity from low to high depending on the conditions. Low-lying plants, such as twigs or dried leaves, are the primary fuel sources. Ground fires that have grown large enough to breach the surface are the source of these flames. They may blister a tree canopy, but they will not cause it to burn sufficiently to conduct a fire. Surface fires usually spread slowly, but they can spread quickly if they start in a steeply sloped landscape or are propelled by the wind. Most surface fires, on the other hand, die out before progressing to the next level of classification: crown fires.
• Crown fire : Crown fires are a different sort of wildland fire. These fires burn and spread from one treetop to the next, commonly known as the tree crown or canopy. Crown fires can quickly spread. As a result, crown fires usually advance far faster than lower level fires. Crown fires burn quickly because of their height, which exposes them to wind. Crown fires often evolve into particularly severe fires as a result of their rapid spread.

How Forest Fires Occur?

Forest fires occur usually due to two reasons: natural reasons and man-made reasons.

Natural Causes

Lightning is one of the most common sources of natural forest fires. Lightning strikes parched vegetation and ignites a fire. The majority of these fires occur in isolated areas far from human settlements. Volcanic eruptions can sometimes result in fires caused by hot, burning lava. These types of fires may now be forecast well in advance because of technological advancements, and firefighters can build a buffer zone to contain them. Forest fires can also develop as a result of dry vegetation spontaneously combusting.

Man-made Causes

The most prevalent cause of man-made forest fire is smoking near plants and discarding the cigarette into dry vegetation without extinguishing the flames. Arson or planned fires are another major source of forest fires. Setting fire to property, automobiles or anything else with the intent to inflict damage is known as arson. Wooded fires can also be started by fireworks near forest areas. Other prominent causes of man-made forest fires include mosquito coils and candles, which catch fire over time but go undiscovered until they become a large, uncontrollable fire.

• Large amounts of smoke are emitted into the air, making breathing difficult and polluting the environment. Humans suffering from allergies and other medical conditions might be seriously harmed by ash and smoke.

• Workers in the agricultural field have lost income and jobs as a result of the wildfire, which damaged their field produce and animals. When people lose their jobs, the economy suffers, making it more difficult to recover.

Coal Fired Power Station

Coal Fired Power Station

Delhi-Meerut Regional Rapid Transport System (RRTS) corridor

It  is an 82.15 km (51.05 mi) long, semi-high speed rail corridor currently under construction which will connect Delhi, Ghaziabad, and Meerut. The work has been ongoing for several months now, but the meteorological conditions deteriorating, the project act as a key source of dust.

Indoor air pollution

"Indoor air pollution a silent killer, can have lethal effects." There is a growing awareness among people of the harmful impact of outdoor pollution, people are still unaware that air inside their homes, offices and schools can also be highly polluted. Indoor air can be sometimes be around 20-30  times more polluted than air outside.

People need to ensure that the air inside at least is clean. They can do that by  not smoking or passive smoking. Ensuring that they are not exposed to pet hair. Ensuring that the vents and exhausts are cleaned regularly so that there is no  suspended dust, and installing exhaust fans in bathrooms so that there is no dampness that can trigger respiratory problems..

Chemical Factors

Use of chemical and synthetic products 

Talking about air pollution, we always consider outdoor air pollution dangerous for our lives but never talk about indoor air pollution. Household products cause indoor air pollution which is 10 times more harmful than outdoor air pollution. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) found in paints, cleaners and personal care products such as perfume and deodorants are a reason for common heath issues. Risks like asthma or other respiratory issues and lung disease are other issues caused by inhaling poor house air quality.

Carbon Monoxide

Headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, chest pain, disorientation. Causes sudden illness and even death.

Ozone

Coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain , throat irritation. Which can lead to lung damage.

Tobacco Smoke

Cigarette smoking , air pollution

Triggers asthma, eye, nose and throat irritation.

Passive smoking

Passive smoking

Incense burning

Incense burning

In Asian countries where the Buddhism and Taoism are mainstream religions, incense burning is a daily practice.  Incense burning emits smoke containing particulate matter, gas products and other organic compounds and causes air pollution, airway disease and health problems.  When incense smoke pollutants are inhaled, they cause airway dysfunction. Incense smoke is a risk factor for elevated cord blood IgE levels and has been indicated to cause allergic contact dermatitis.

Biological Factors

Pollen

Pollen & Asthma

Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. Pollen is one of the most common triggers of seasonal allergies. Many people know pollen allergy as “hay fever.” Experts usually refer to pollen allergy as “seasonal allergic rhinitis.”

Sneezing, watery eyes, coughing, shortness of breath, dizziness, lethargy, fever and digestive problems.

Oak Tree 

Trees like oaks may worsen air pollution as earth warms. As the earth gets warmer trees like oak and poplars may release more isoprene, a compound that can worsen the air quality. Isoprene can react with other pollutants from sources like power plants and vehicles and create ozone aerosois and other byproducts that

Acorn Tree Planting

Trees like oaks may worsen air pollution as earth warms. As the earth gets warmer trees like oak and poplars may release more isoprene, a compound that can worsen the air quality. Isoprene can react with other pollutants from sources like power plants and vehicles and create ozone aerosois and other byproducts that harms both humans and trees. 

Dust mites

Barely visible to the naked eyes

                                       

Dust Mites in Mattress

                      
Dust mites are arachnids, not insects. Mites are microscopic relatives of spiders and ticks. Adult mite have 8 legs not 6.Dust mite live near people (or other warm blooded animals), but not on them. Dust mite eat dead, shed human (and pet) skin scales. They do not bite. Trigger Asthma symptoms.

Exposure to pet

Exposure to pet hair

Mold

Black mould infected wall can cause flu

Mold will grow in places with a lot of moisture, such as around leaks in roofs, windows, or pipes, or where there has been flooding. Mold grows well on paper products, cardboard, ceiling tiles, and wood products. Mold can also grow in dust, paints, wallpaper, insulation, drywall, carpet, fabric, and upholstery. It causes skin and airway allergy, triggers cough, wheezing.

Perfume Pollution

Perfume pollution

Household Products

Household products

Inadequate Ventilation

Inadequate ventilation

Wood Burning Stove

Wood burning stove

Space Heaters

Space heaters

Use of toxic products also called Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), inadequate ventilation, uneven temperature, and humidity level can cause indoor air pollution, whether you are in an office, school, or at your comfortable home. House air pollution can take place due to ignorant factors, for instance, smoking tobacco inside room or leaving mold-infected walls untreated. The use of wood stoves or space heaters is capable to increase the humidity level which can directly affect the health of a person in no time.

"Every year, thousands die of pollution related ailments in Delhi and NCR during the winter."

The Size of particulate matter

The size of particulate matter hanging in the air is important as there is an increase in what is called respirate size (particle less than 10 micron) that get lodged straight into the lungs causing permanent damage. 

PM 10 Which can reach only up to a upper air passage of the human body. It is 5-7 times finer than hair.

PM 2.5 Which can reach the lungs, It is around 20-30 times finer than human hair.

PM 1 It is a particulate matter in the air which measures less than 1 micron. (PM 1) is so fine that it can reach the organs and the blood streams. It is highly toxic as they are formed because of complex chemical reactions between pollutants in the air and are at least 50-70 times finer than human hair. It is also formed when there is any combustion. It is popularly known as secondary particles.

There's long term damage due to particulate matter that gets lodged deep inside the lungs and can cause progressive lung disease. Even chemicals and gasses are equally harmful as their side effect is visible almost immediately.

Chemical pollutant also known as volatile organic compounds- coming out of coal burning sites, vehicle and stone crushing sites, if inhaled even for a brief period can lead to serious conditions. 

Exposure to pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, Sulphur oxides, carbo mono oxide and volatile organic compounds such as benzene toluene, ethyl benzene and zylurine etc. (also known as Btex) is detrimental to human lung functioning prompting very serious changes to occur in lungs. These changes indicated restrictions to the lung expansion, obstruction and narrowing of airways.

Prolong exposure can lead to fatal lung conditions such as chronic pulmonary disorders which is progressive lung disease that make it hard to breath. 

How does the pollution affect you? 

Suspended particulate matter (SPM)

Particulate that are invisible to the naked eye are the focus of anti-pollution efforts worldwide. the particles hang in the air and have become the new bench mark of measuring pollution level and determining health risks. 

Health Impact

Signs & Symptoms

Pollutant & Effect

Health impact

Suspended particulate matter (SPM)

• Eyes : irritation.
• Nose : irritation, allergic rhinitis, nausea, nose bleed.
• Mouth : Burning sensation in mouth.
• Throat : Sore throat, cough, wheezing, shortage of breath, chest pain.
• Lungs : asthma, chronic bronchitis, damage to tissue, severe pollution in air causes lung inflammation, could lead to organ failure,  and sometimes even death.
• Kidney : damage to the organ.
• Liver : Damage to tissue.
• Heart : cardiovascular disease, also heavy metal poisoning.
• Cancer : 

Nitrogen oxides (NOX) 

A group of highly reactive gasses including nitrogen dia oxide (NO2), that forms a radish brown haze in movement. Sources : Fuel combustion, wood burning. 

Health Impact : 

• Lungs : Damage to tissues, reduced capacity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), shortness of breath.
• Skin : cancer, airways inflammation.
• Nerves : nerve damage.
• Headache : 

Nitrogen dia oxides (NO2) 

Throat and lung inflammation, asthma.

 

Carbon mono oxide (CO)

Colorless gas that dissolves in water vapor to form acid. Sources : Fuel combustion from vehicles and engines. Health impact : 

Eyes : blurry vision, red, itchy eyes.

Ears : hearing loss.

Blood : dizziness headache.

Airways : chest pain.

Lowered alertness, lethargy. 

Carbon dia oxide (CO2) 

Sleepiness, disorientation. 

Ozone (O3) 

Itchy eyes, respiratory and lung issue. 

Sulphur dia oxide (So2) 

Colorless gas that dissolves in water vapor to form acid. Sources : Fuel combustion, electric utilities and industrial processes. Health impact : 

Lungs : coughing, wheezing, lung damage.

Airways : shortness of breath.

Heart attack & Strokes : when smoke is inhaled, it lowers the blood circulation in the body, decreasing air flow to the brain.

Cancer : radioactive and poisonous elements used in crackers can increase the risk of cancer in people.

Eyes : dry, itchy eyes, wheezing lung damage. 

Lead  Anemia, lowered IQ, brain and kidney damage, cancer.

How pollutant affect children? 

Route of exposure

Inhalation

Enter the body through lungs and alveoli, the tiny air filled sacs in the lungs where oxygen replace carbon dia oxide in blood.

• Children inhale more pollutants as they breath twice as fast as adult.
• They typically inhale through mouth and bypass the nasal filtration mechanism, leading to more pollutant reaching their lungs.
• Ultra fine particles (PM > than 0.1) um in diameter can cross the alveoli and enter the blood stream and trigger heart disease and stroke later in life. 

In utero 

The mother's exposure leads to pollutants reaching her unborn child through the placenta. 

• Women breath faster during pregnancy increasing their own and their unborn baby's exposure to pollutants.
• Ultra fine PM and heavy metals in mother's blood can affect the unborn babies growth and development in utero.
• Pollutant can cause DNA damage, can cause babies to have low birth weight. 

Ingestion 

Pollutant settles on surfaces at home, school. play ground, from where it get ingested by pregnant women, children.

• Pesticides, fossil fuels, chemicals by the products flame's retardants, heavy metals and volatile organic compounds can enter the blood stream by ingestion.
• Mothers exposed to pollutants can also transfer them to their babies through breast milk. 

Avoid

When the particulate matter in the air has crossed 1000 index in Delhi and NCR.

• When AQI is 150 :  one should not indulge in strenuous exercises. No sports. No crickets. No hockey on that day. No Marathon, No cyclothion on that day. 
• If the AQI is more than 200 : No jogging. No walking. No running on roads and the park.
• If the AQI is more than 300 : No long walks in park.
• If the AQI is more than 400 : Ordinary walks should be restricted. Persons should stay indoor.
• If the AQI is more than 1,000 : Its a public health emergency. 
• Like there is a heavy rain, it is a heavy rain of particulate matter. Or heavy rain of pollution. You need to stay indoors, as in heavy rains in atmosphere. One should stay at indoor if possible for the next three days. Wait for the air movement to improve. We don't expect rains to come and we cant expect the government to bring rain or air movement. It is likely that the pollution level will remain high in next three days. The only answer is to stay at indoor, take a medical leave. School should be closed. Physical training (PT) should be stopped. vehicle should be minimal on roads, and we all should make the effort, what ever i can do to reduce pollution level.
• When ever i see any dust, i pour water on it. Where ever i see any fire i extinguish it. Where ever i see that i can avoid travelling, i should travel by foot. Minimally i should use the vehicle or share it or travel by metro, as its a matter of concern. Its a public health emergency. Everybody till the pollution level is below 200 we need to take the precaution. Schools need to be shut down immediately.
• Remember if you are a heart patient, than you are susceptible to the heart attack, which can be precipitated. Paralysis can get precipitated, sudden death can be precipitated. If you are an asthmatic asthma attack can worsen. And if you are a normal person you can have a cough, breathlessness on exertion. 

Lifestyle

N 95 MASK

• Air mask help reduce t and small children.he particulate load especially for expecting mothers
• Wear a mask while going out, preferably an N95 or N99 one, when there is an increase in pollution and smog.
• Keep the dinner light.
• Eating banana rice or sour foods at night also causes lung problems according to the dosha theory of Ayurveda.
• Avoid heavy cheese and dairy in winter as they tend to affect the respiratory tracts the maximum.
• A nutritious diet and fruits, vegetables and dry fruits, milk and lots of fluids helps' a check on the air quality around your area the pollution levels.
• Limit your consumption of carbohydrates and sweets.
• Go for a sunshine walk
• Limit outdoor exposure, especially for children, senior citizen and people with respiratory illness.
• Instead stay in and practice breathing exercises, yoga and forms of home workout.
• Avoid exercising outdoors, especially early in the morning and late in the evening, when pollution levels are high and winds are calm.
• Keep more indoor plants to cleanse the air in your house.
• Building your immunity is essential to fighting effects of air pollution and keeping illnesses at bay.
• Increase intake of food with vitamin C, magnesium and omega 3 acids.
• Avoid construction sites .
• Avoid busy roads
• Instead stay in and practice breathing exercises, yoga and forms of home workout.
• A check on the air quality around your area the pollution levels :
• Always wear a mask when you go out.
• Yoga & Pranayama daily indoor will keep you fit
• Stay Hydration : Keeping the body well hydrated is very important to help remove toxins from lungs by improving circulation and assisting in the process of removal of particles from lungs.

• As far as possible, stay at an  indoor.
• Avoid burning garbage, plastics, and other discarded items.
• Take prescription medicines
• Investing in Air purifier It will help to reduce air pollution indoor.

Air Purifier

• Vacuum cleaner's routine use will help to reduce indoor pollution.

Vacuum cleaner

• Inhaler Use inhaler if you start feeling breathless

Inhaler

• Immediately seek medical attention if you feel any kind of discomfort or uneasiness.
• Reduce the use of private vehicles. Use of public transport.
• Advised bursting “green firecrackers”, which will produce less pollution.
• Stop the car engine at a red light.

“Red Light On Gaadi Off” Campion launched by Delhi government to curb pollution.

Banning Vehicles 15 years old

Carpooling

Car Pooling

These are some of the major things being implemented in the city.

Food  

• Jaggery :This is  an age old and popular remedy for lung protection. In olden times Gur or jaggery was given as a daily ration to the coal mine workers to protect them from coal mine pollution. So consuming 5-10 grams of jaggery daily with hot water helps to detoxify lungs.

Herbs 

• Trikatu : An Ayurvedic preparation, this has long pepper (pippali), black pepper and ginger. The unique combinations of herb can cut through chronic toxins and mucous problems. Take a pinch of trikatu powder and add a hot water. Stir this mix and add a tsf of honey or jaggery. This decoction is to be sipped slowly. Take this twice a day in winter months.
• Tulsi : One of the most effective way to use tulsi is by preparing a concoction of its leaves during winter for detoxifying. To do so boil tulsi leaves in water and add a pinch of jaggery and fennel seeds. For best results consume this twice daily.
• Turmeric : Not only does it helps to reduce inflammation caused due to bacterial and viral infections, but it also helps keep the allergic tendency of respiratory system in check. For best results the turmeric should be organic.
• Chyawanprash : Consuming Chyanprash loaded with vitamin C boost immunity and fight diseases caused by air pollution.
• Amla : Amla powder is a lung tonic.
• Garlic & Onion : Both these pungent vegetables due to presence of Sulphur like compounds help reduce the bacterial and viral load in bronchioles and digestive track when they are consumed. These helps to prevent infection even if the bronchioles get inflamed due to allergy.

Celebrate Diwali by lightening Diya's  or earthen lamps, instead of bursting firecrackers.

Prevention- How to ease the impact of bad air 

Reducing air pollution needs systemic change

Guard your self from pollution :

•  Installing Hepa-filters at homes and other indoor settings led to a reduction of acute asthma cases.
• Indoor Pollution

• Ventilation in the kitchen

Electric kitchen chimney

Exhaust Fan

• Clean it out
• Get air purifying plants.
• Stay indoors
• No exercise
• Take precautions not to increase the pollution levels of the atmosphere
• Avoid polluted areas
• Air mask help reduce the particulate matter load, especially for expecting mothers and small children.
• Avoid heavy cheese and dairy in winter, as they tend to affect the respiratory tract the maximum.
• Keep the dinner light.
• Eating banana, rice or sour foods at night also causes problems.
• Avoid deep breathing.
• Avoid walking.

Measures by authorities

GRAP is a set  of anti-air pollution measures followed in the capital and its vicinity according to the severity of the situation. which was built in 2017 to have a set of actions ready to be implemented as the air quality dips in NCR.. 

Moderate and poor.

(PM2.5 61-120 µg/cu. m. or PM10 101-350 µg/cu. m.)

• Heavy fines for garbage burning
• Close/enforce pollution control regulations in brick kilns and industries
• Mechanized sweeping on roads with heavy traffic and water sprinkling
• Strictly enforce ban on firecrackers

Under the new GRAP, measures need to be enforced at least three days in advance, based on the forecasts of the Early Warning System (EWS) developed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.

Stage 1. or "Poor" is when the AQI is between201 and 300. This come into force on Oct 5th 2022 when Delhi's AQI touches 211 on the day. enforcing ban on garbage burning and increasing mechanized sweeping, which come into effect when the air quality is between moderate and poor.

Stage 2 . or " Very poor" when the AQI is between301 and 400. 

• It has 12 measures. 

(PM2.5 121-250 µg/cu. m. or PM10 351-430 µg/cu. m.)

• Enhance parking fee by 3-4 times
• Increase bus and Metro services
• Apartment owners to discourage burning fires in winter by providing electric heaters during winter
• Advisories to people with respiratory and cardiac conditions to restrict outdoor movement
• Domestic use of  diesels run generator sets. (baring those for emergency and essential services)

Stage 3 . Or "Severe" is when the  AQI is between401 and 450 and come in effect in 30th Oct 2022 Sunday. 

Stage 3 measures stand in conjunction with earlier curbs, such as a ban on the use of diesel generators (except for essential services, such as at hospitals or railway stations) and restrictions on the use of coal or firewood in hotels and restaurants.

• (PM 2.5 over 250 µg/cu. m. or PM10 over 430 µg/cu. m.)

As part of Stage 3 GRAP, a nine point action plan has been put in place in the entire National Capital Region) (NCR). The various measures under this plan include a ban on construction and demolition activities in NCR except for projects pertaining to national security. defence, hospitals among some other special projects.

• Complete halt to  construction and demolition activities (except essential projects (such as railways, metros, airports, ISBTs, national security, defence related, projects of national importance, non-polluting activities and the project of national importance). Only highways, railways, major transportation infrastructure projects are allowed. 586 Govt teams under various departments which will monitor these sites and ensure that the order of CAQM is followed diligently. In case of violation : A paneity of Rs 10,000 to up to Ra 5 lakh. Delhi Pollution Control Committee can also order a shut down. Enforcers to crack down on violations of construction, demolition ban. 300 MCD teams, 33 DOCC, 33 DDA And 165 Revenue dept.
• Operation of industries in NCR running on PNG, cleaner fuels, biomass fuels to be regulated to  up to five days a week.
• State government in Delhi- NCR  may impose curbs on BS-III petrol and BS 1V diesel light motor vehicles (LMV) (four wheelers vehicles).
• Ban on Mining / or excavations (digging) activities.
• Ban on stone crushers, brick kiln and hot mix plant.
• Maximize power generation from natural gas to reduce generation from coal
• Encourage public transport, with differential rates
• 521 Water sprinklers on road to settle dust menace.
• 233 Anti-smog guns to bring down dust and pollutants.
• More frequent mechanized cleaning of road.
• Dust generation construction activity is not permitted for domestic households either. Only non-polluting or non dust generating activities such as plumbing work, interior decoration, electrical work and carpentry related work will be permitted in NCR.
• As per Delhi Pollution control Board (DPCC) analysis of air quality monitoring stations in Delhi, the two locations of Anand Vihar and Vivek Vihar are regularly recording AQI values above 400.

Stage 4 Severe AQI category (AQI >450) or The Last Stage "Severe plus or Emergency" entails measures that are enforced if the AQI is expected to cross 450. (PM 2.5 over 300 µg/cubic metres or PM10 over 500 µg/cu. m. for 48+ hours)

If air quality reaches the severe+ stage, GRAP talks about 

• Stop entry of trucks traffic into Delhi (except trucks carrying essential commodities or providing essential services and CNG or electric trucks)
• Ban on plying of Delhi registered diesel run medium and heavy goods vehicles in Delhi (except those with essential commodities or providing essential services)
• Ban on plying of four wheeler diesel light motor vehicles (LMV's) in Delhi and bordering districts of NCR (except for BS-VI vehicles and vehicles used for essential or emergency services)
• Ban on industries in NCR which are not running on clean fuels (except essential industries like milk and dairy or involved in manufacturing of life saving medical equipment/devices, drugs.
• Ban on C & D activities in linear public projects such as highways, roads, flyovers, over bridges, power transmission and pipelines.
• State government to decide on allowing 50% staff strength to work from home (WFH) in public, municipal and private offices.
• State government may consider additional emergency measures like closer of schools, colleges, educational institutions, plying of vehicles on an odd even basis.
• All vehicle should have a pollution under check PUC certificate. Otherwise fine of Rs 10,000. 
• Shut down of industries that run on coal and biomass.
• Ban on a use of coal and fire wood, including the tandoors
• Shut down on power plant.
• Set up dust control and management cells.
• NCR to shift industries to piped natural gas PNG  and other approved fuel.
• Water sprinklers on road to settle dust menace.
• Full ban on all types of fire crackers.
• The commission for air quality management (CAQM) issued directions for the closer of 491 construction and demolition sites, including 110 in Delhi for flouting air pollution  control norm's.
• Asking agencies to enhance parking fees across NCR to discourage the use of private transport
• As well as the need for agencies to carry out the augmentation of  public transport (CNG, Electric buses and metro by  either procuring additional fleet or increasing the frequency of services.
• For cast by Early Warning System (EWS) under the union ministry of  earth sciences.
• Those who purchase and burn the  cracker illegally they will be prosecuted under Section 268 of IPC which stipulate a fine of Rs 200 and imprisonment for six months.
• Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) : All all those who violate this :  Manufacturing, storing and selling fire crackers in the city could be fined up to Rs 5.000 and be jailed for 3 years as per Section 9 (b) of the explosive act.
• Mechanized cleaning

Vehicle sprinkling water to control air pollution have been deployed by Government

                                            

Anti Smog Gun to clean trees

Anti Smog Gun to clean trees

Watch: Water sprinklers being used on Delhi roads as air quality worsens

48

As the national capital is reeling under the threat of air pollution, Low visibility occurred as layer of haze lingered in the sky. Aiming to curb air pollution, water sprays are being used in parts of Delhi to mitigate the toxic air. 

• Avoid planting polluting tree of Delhi name Saptaparni or Alstonia scholaris. As it pollen can cause air pollution and problems for asthmatics.

Alstonia scholaris/Black board tree/ Milkwood/Devil tree/सप्तपर्णी

Seeding The Clouds For Artificial Rains

Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that improves a cloud's ability to produce rain or snow by introducing tiny ice nuclei into certain types of subfreezing clouds. These nuclei provide a base for snowflakes to form.

Is cloud seeding risky?

So far, experts haven't found any harmful effects of cloud seeding with silver iodide on the environment. The concentration of silver in a storm from cloud seeding is far below the accepted limit of 50 micrograms per liter.

Vincent Joseph Schaefer (July 4, 1906 – July 25, 1993) was an American chemist and meteorologist who developed cloud seeding.

Why there is no cloud seeding in Delhi?

Cloud seeding requires atmospheric moisture, which is lacking in Delhi during the winter. While IIT-Kanpur experimented with cloud seeding in June, the technology's limitations due to weather conditions led to its abandonment.

How long does cloud seeding take ?The nozzles charge the particles as they are sprayed, the charged droplets are carried up into the clouds and distributed by updrafts that feed the clouds, and the entire process takes only 15-20 minutes from seeding to precipitation.

Which mask should you use? 

Are mask and air purifiers effective? 

A good quality mask like a N95 or N99, is very difficult to keep on for long periods of time as breathi in a home with windows and doors that are periodically open and shut, it will not effect. People get masks and air purifiers because it gives them comfort (of being protected). 

• N95 masks : An N95 blocks 95% of particles with diameter of 0.3 micro meter or more. Instead of hand handkerchief  or a normal surgical mask to cover one's nose and mouth. Rs300-500
•  N99 masks : This mask offers better protection than N95 mask and filters 99% of air born pollutants and diameter of 0.3 micrometer or more. Rs 500-600
• Vog masks : Vog mask are reusable N99 mask that can filter 99% of air born pollutants, and are popular because of their vibrant and funky designs. Rs 2000-4000
• Nasal filters : If mask are nor for you, these invisible band aid like filters that can be inserted into the nostrils can also keep pollution away. Do check the quality before purchasing through some can only block pollens and bigger allergens. Rs 3000
• Airlens : A disposable nasal filter developed by at Indian institute of technology, All India institute of medical sciences and Stanford University. It comes with an app that circulate the amount of pollution one has walked through.

What to look for in an air purifier? 

• HEPA Filter : Ensure that the air purifier has a HEPA  (High efficiency particulate air) filter, that clears out small particulate matter -PM 25 or less.
• Heavy activated charcoal : Air purifier with activated charcoal can remove harmful gasses as well as bad odors.
• Pre filter : Buy an air purifier that has a pre filter which prevents the large particulate matter from entering into the HEPA filter there by increasing its efficiency.
• High clean air delivery : Indicate ability of a purifier to remove pollutant from a specific amount of air. 

                                  "Consult a pulmonologist, Cardiologist, ENT Specialist."

• Dr Ashwini Khanna Pulmonologist LNJP Hospital
• Dr Abbas  Pulmonologist LNJP Hospital
• Dr A .K. Mahato Pulmonologist Patparganj TB Hospital.
• Dr G.C. Khilnani Head of the department of pulmonary medicine at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences.
• Dr Akshay Budhraja, consultant Pulmonary at Akash Healthcare Super speciality hospital.
• Dr Vikas Maurya, Director and head of the department of Pulmonary at Fortis hospital Shalimar bag.
• Dr Vivek Nangia principle director and pulmonology Max Super Specialty Hospital Saket.

                                                             Hospital  

• Vallabhbhai Patel Chest institute  Delhi 

• All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)

• Fortis hospital pulmonary department Shalimar Bagh Delhi

• Max Super Specialty hospital Saket. Delhi

• Indraprastha Apollo hospital consult a pulmonologist. Delhi 

• Safdarjung hospital, pulmonary medicine. Delhi

• L.N.J.P Hospital.

Things to do to keep your lungs healthy? 
Jaggery

Consuming a small piece of jaggery everyday can fight carbon pollution. In fact this is one of the most popular

Quit smoking  

• Tobacco smoking leads to lung cancer. It ages your lungs makes it tougher for your breath and changes normal lung cells to cancerous one.

Exercise  

• Some physical activity can keep your lungs in good shape. As you breath harder and faster it helps your lungs become more efficient.

Fight it out

• A juice mage of carrot, Ginger and Tulsi helps fight the effects of pollution.

Jaggery

• Consuming a small piece of jaggery every day can fight carbon pollution. In fact this is one of the most popular ways to protect factory workers who work in polluted environments.

Stay away from pollutants 

• Being exposed to pollutants can damage the lungs. Try to stay away from second hand smoke and heavy traffic areas. Ensure your house id ventilated well. 

Trikatu, Pippali, Mulethi and Tulsi

• These herbs help clean the lungs. Trikatu in particular removes toxins The best way to consume Trikatu is 2.5 gms of the herb with 1 teaspoon of honey, followed by 1 cup of hot water. Do this twice a day. Zingiber officinale, Piper longum and Piper nigrum. Trikatu is literally translated to three spices " and Trikatu is literally translated to ‘three spices’ and is a wonderfully warming and pungent classic Ayurvedic blend. It is a heating combination that dries mucous secretions and excess phlegm whilst also rejuvenating the lungs.

Grapes and Pomegranate

• The antioxidant in both these fruits help neutralize the damage caused by the cells by free radicals.

Vegetables & Fruit Mixed Juices

• A juice made out of carrots, beetroots, aloevera, mint, tulsi and ginger makes for the perfect mocktail against urban pollution. It's full of vitamin A , B Complex and C. Which protect against the damage  that pollution causes.

Drink water

 

• Your lungs need hydration like rest of your body. Do consume sufficient fluid to keep your lungs functioning better. This sounds very basic , but the fact is that you need to drink a lot of water everyday. This will dilute the pollutants in your body and excrete them via the kidneys. 

Nasyam Oil Therapy

kidneys.Use Ayurvedic oil like Anu Tailam as nose drop to lubricate the nose and decrease allergic tendencies. Also avoid tobacco, alcohol and fried foods . Do not use chemical room sprays and chemical  home cleaners, and cut down the amount of cheese the children eat.

RO Filters BANNED  

                                     

• Reverse Osmosis sucks away all minerals from water and the water without minerals is extremely bad for health.  Indian National Green Tribunal has banned RO systems which leave less than 50 Total Dissolved Solids per liter. RO is banned in some other countries as well. Those who regularly use RO should consider switching to other water purification systems. 

Laugh more 

• Laughing works your abdominal muscles and increases the capacity of your lungs. It can also clear your lungs by allowing fresh air to enter your lungs. 

 
Do Organic Farming

To keep the environment free of pollution.

How To Protect Yourself? 
Do's : 

• Check pollution levels on apps before stepping out. Reduce exposure. Stay indoors if possible.
• Cover nose and mouth with wet cloth or mask when out. Surgical mask do not help. Use N95 or N99 masks.
• Roll up windows, when driving on a busy road, or in a traffic jam. Use recycle air feature in car instead of air vents.
• If you have respiratory problem like asthma, make sure you take your medicines regularly.
• Eat well : Eat a protein healthy diet to boost your body's immunity.

Don't 

• On a smoggy morning, late evenings, avoid high intensity outdoor exercise.
• Emissions from vehicles exhaust most common pollutant. Avoid walking or exercising near busy roads.
• Construction dust a major polluter. Avoid such sites. Keep doors and windows shut if construction is going on near your house. 

Stop Cutting Trees

Use of electric vehicles

Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicles

Good way to control pollution or CNG vehicles.

CNG Vehicles

Or use Metro

Use of Bicycle

Or public transport

Smog Towers

                                        

Smog Tower Connaught Place Delhi

An Aerial view of the Second Smog Tower near Anand Vihar metro station in New Delhi.

The 2 smog towers — one in Connaught Place and the other in Anand Vihar — became functional in September 2021. Delhi Environment Minister said the towers filter out 80% of particulate matter in the air. At Delhi’s Connaught Place and Anand Vihar, the faint hum of powerful fans indicates the presence of smog towers — large-scale devices intended to reduce the amount of particulate matter in the air as winter approaches and air quality index reaches ‘severe’ or ‘hazardous’ levels.

Surviving Smog 

How Plants Clean The Air

The three toxins included in the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) study are benzene, formaldehyde, and trichloroethylene (TCE), and these volatile organic compounds are virtually everywhere. Benzene is in glues, paints, furniture wax, and detergents. Formaldehyde is in composite wood products such as plywood, as well as in building materials and insulation, glues, permanent press fabrics, paints, coatings, lacquers, finishes, as well as paper products. Trichloroethylene is in cleaning wipes, aerosol cleaning products, paint removers, spray adhesives, carpet cleaners, and spot removers.
The study looked at how the leaves, roots, soil, and associated microorganisms of plants reduce indoor air pollutants. It found that the plant root zone plays the biggest role. For your indoor plants, it means that the more plant roots and soil area are exposed to air, the better the plant purifies the air. In other words, larger pots or containers with a bigger soil surface are better than smaller ones.

Peepal tree

Peepal tree gives oxygen 24 hours. Other than Hinduism, even as per some Buddhism norms, this tree is sacred.

Nature Lovers Take Air Purifying Plants

Some have even started turning towards greener solutions to solve this issue.

Place NASA approved plants at home such as : 

Bamboo Palm (Chamaedorea Seifritzii)

A low-maintenance palm that filters out benzene, formaldehyde, and TCE. It is not toxic to pets.

Bamboo Palm

Corn Plant (Dracaena Deremensis)

A tall and narrow houseplant that removes benzene and formaldehyde.

Rubber Plant

Cannot survive the direct sunlight

Rubber Plant

Areca Palm

Survive well in indoor conditions., and just needs intermittent exposure to sunlight.

Areca Palm

Chinese Evergreen (Aglaonema Modestum)

A slow-growing plant that is valued for its color variations. It reduces the level of benzene and formaldehyde in the air.

Dragon Tree (Dracaena Marginata)

A tough, palm-like plant that filters out benzene, formaldehyde, and TCE.

                                                      

English Ivy (Hedera Helix)

A low grower that is also suitable for hanging baskets. It removes benzene, formaldehyde, and TCE.

Gerbera Daisy (Gerbera Jamesonii)

In order for it to bloom, Gerbera daisy needs bright sun for a few hours, ideally in the morning. It reduces the benzene, formaldehyde, and TCE levels in the air.

Golden Pothos (Scindapsus Aureus)

Easy-to-grow vining plant with waxy leaves. It filters out benzene, formaldehyde, and TCE.

Green Spider Plant (Chlorophytum Elatum)

A popular hanging plant that propagates prolifically and is good for formaldehyde removal. It is not toxic to pets.

 Snake Plant (Sansevieria Trifasciata)

Also known as Mother-in-Law’s Tongue, this tough succulent filters out benzene, formaldehyde, and TCE. Sansevieria. Plant :  Sansevieria is known to release massive amounts of oxygen by absorbing toxins and carbon dioxide. Which purifies the air.

Sansevieria zeylanica / Golden plant

Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum)

Probably the most ubiquitous and well-known of the air-purifying plants, it reduces the level of benzene, formaldehyde, and TCE. Just need to be watered well in places without sunlight

                                              

Peace lily

Pot Mum (Chrysanthemum X Morifolium)

Also known as a florist's daisy or hardy garden mum, it needs direct sunlight to bloom. It filters out benzene, formaldehyde, and TCE.

Weeping Fig (Ficus Benjamín)

One of the taller air-purifiers, the ficus removes formaldehyde.

                                                

                                                           

Aloe vera.

Aloe vera for medicine/beauty/anti pollution

• Money plant

Divine money plant

• Boston fern : NASA recommended Air purifier plant.

Boston Fern/Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis

Increase the green belt

Steps to be taken to increase the green cover, which in turn will reduce  dust pollution. So far this year, 27 million saplings, have been planted across NCR and 240km of roadside area was greened.

Natural air purifiers Trees - your best oxygen generators

Neem Tree

Lush Green Neem Tree

• Neem Tree does not need an introduction! It releases huge amount of oxygen due to its foliage. ...

Audumbara  Tree / Ficus Racemosa

Audumbar Tree

• Audumbara Tree is a is a 24-hour oxygen generator and also has a lot of medicinal properties.

Peepal Tree

Peepal Tree

• Peepal tree is a sacred tree for Hindus and has enormous benefits for all!

Suggestions

• Cut down summer or other breaks and create Annual air pollution breaks when the data suggests it will worsen.
• Why not train parents and children about protocol.
• Why not change the sports timings to the cleanest time. Between noon to 4 PM.
• Shift the poor from biomass for cooking to clean fuels
• Push cleaner construction
• reduce landfill fires.
• Increase reliable public transport.
• Electric buses are a boon, advertising their routes and pushing the middle classes into them is also essential

Let Your Kid Breath

As air pollution get worse apply these preventive tips :

Our cities today enveloped in pollution leading to diseases and disorders  especially among three sets of people. Prematurely born babies, now at home after neonatal care, children with respiratory issues and obesity, and the elderly especially those with existing health conditions.

• Frequently wash and sun dry quilts. Avoid using woollen blankets unless they are encased in a cotton fabric cover. When taking woollen cloths and bed linen out from storage, ensure the smell of naphthalene balls is eliminated.
• Rather than wearing one heavy garment, children and elderly shoulds wear layers of clothing.
• Ensure all rooms are reasonably humid to avoid dryness and nasal tract irritation.
• Elderly, non diabetic people  must take a teaspoonful of Chyawanprash mixed with warm water.
• Avoid processed cheese and cold milk and curd at night as these cause respiratory problems.
• Senior citizens with respiratory problems may take Trikatu Churana with organic honey.
• Avoid oily and fried foods as they clog the micro channels in the body.
• Jaggery taken daily with warm water controls the effect of pollution (Not for infants)
• Avoid heavy curtains anf upholstery
• Use house plants with low level of VOC (pollutants).
• Clean fungal growth in corner and cupboards.

Air Pollution & Pregnancy

"Can city air pollution hut my baby?"

Extreamely high exposure to air pollution can put a baby at risk of  being born at risk of being born at a low birth weight, having a risk of Autism or developing Asthma later in life. Here's how to breath easy for two :

• Pay attention to  outdoor air quality. Try to limit time spent outdoors when the air quality is poor and keep windows closed. Check the air quality near you with the  App.
• Fuel up at night. Filling your gas tank after dusk, especially during warmer months release less harmful pollution than fueling up by day.
• Have the exhaust system on your car checked to be sure there is no rusting or leakage of noxious fumes.. Never start your car in the garage with the garage door closed and keep the tailgate on an SUV or minivan closed when the engine is running.
• Idle wisely. Keep your car windows and outdoor air vents closed in heavy traffic, and avoid standing near idling cars.
• Don't run walk or bike along congested roads since your breath in more air and pollution when you' are active, Instead close a route with little traffic and a lot of trees., like indoor greenery, help to keep the air clean.
• Keep indoor air clean. The EPA recommends changing the air filters on HVAC units regularly. Another tip : Place potted plants around your home since research shows they actually suck up  irritating chemicals like formaldehyde, leaving your air cleaner. In making your selections, however, be sure to avoid plants that are toxic when such as philodendron or English ivy. You won't likely be munching on shrubbery, but same can't necessarily be said for your baby once he or she begins crawling around the home.
• Make sure fireplace gas stoves and wood burning stoves in your home are vented properly. Also make sure the fire place flue is open before lighting a fire.

Come Diwali, DHUAN DHUAN... POLLUTON WOES BACK FOR DELHIITES Every Year ?

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