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Showing posts from December, 2022

Hyponatremia / Low salt level

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               Hyponatremia / Low salt level Low Blood Sodium (NaCL) level A normal blood  sodium level  is between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Hyponatremia occurs when the sodium in your blood falls  below 135 mEq/L . Hyponatremia results from the inability of the kidney to excrete a water load or excess water intake. Water intake depends upon thirst mechanism. Thirst is stimulated by increase in osmolality. Thirst is sensed by osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus and leads to the release of anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary.                         "To salt or not to salt?—That is the question in cirrhosis". Introduction Hyponetremia is a lower than normal level of sodium in the blood stream. It is low concentration of sodium in blood. Hyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the level of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water that's in and ar

Dandruff

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                                 Dandruff Dandruff / Flaky Scalp / रूसी   Feeling flaky ? Normal pregnancy hormonal fluctuations can lead to an itchy, flaky scalp. Has a flaky scalp become a permanent woe for you? When you have dandruff, your scalp may look scaly or red and feel itchy or raw. Scratching or rubbing your head loosens the flakes. You may notice them more when you wear dark clothes. Introduction Dandruff is  a common condition that causes the skin on the scalp to flake . It isn't contagious or serious. But it can be embarrassing and difficult to treat. Mild dandruff can be treated with a gentle daily shampoo. If that doesn't work, a medicated shampoo may help. Those with dry scalp should shampoo only 1-2 times a week with a sulphate free shampoo. And make sure that you condition your hair before shampooing. Dandruff can be the result of a scalp that's either too dry or too oily. Dry flakes (the kind that rain down into your shoulders can be eased by rubbing coc

Gestational Trophoblastic disease

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                         Molar Pregnancy                                                   (Gestational Trophoblastic Disease GTD) Definitions Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN)=Malignant Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. It is a spectrum of trophoblastic diseases that develops malignant sequelae. GTN includes: • Persistent post molar GTD • Invasive mole • Choriocarcinoma • Placental site trophoblastic tumor. The last 2 may follow abortion, ectopic or normal pregnancy. Introduction Gestational Trophoblastic Disease GTD It is the spectrum of trophoblastic diseases that includes : Complete Molar Pregnancy Partial molar pregnancies Invasive Mole Choriocarcinoma Placental site trophoblastic tumor The last two may follow abortion, ectopic or normal pregnancy. Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia GTN  Malignant Gestational Trophoblastic diseases that develops malignant sequelae. GTN includes : Persistent Post Molar GTD Invasive Mole Choriocarcinoma Placental site trophoblastic tumor T